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Articoli
Sindrome metabolica e rischio cardiovascolare nei pazienti con gravi disturbi mentali
Sindrome metabolica e rischio cardiovascolare nei pazienti con gravi disturbi mentali
Michele Fiorani1 – 
, Laura Orsolini1 – , Umberto Volpe1 – , Virginio Salvi1 –
1 – Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica (DIMSC), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona
Autore di riferimento: Virginio Salvi
virginiosalvi@gmail.com
DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202157
Abstract
People with severe mental illness such as Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Schizoaffective Disorder have a significantly increased risk of developing alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism compared to the general population, leading to weight gain, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes. As a result, they have a two-fold increased risk of morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular disease and a life expectancy reduced by 15 years compared to the general population. Metabolic Syndrome, a cluster of risk factors such as abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia leading to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, has been widely investigated in patients with SMI. Numerous studies have been carried out worldwide, reporting a 58% higher risk in patients with SMI compared to the general population. The increased risk is explained by several factors more prevalent in people with SMI, such as the adoption of unhealthy lifestyles, some biological common grounds between mental and metabolic conditions, and, eventually, the use of psychopharmacological medications such as several antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and antidepressants. In this paper we will review the risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with SMI. Finally, given the mounting evidence of a specific risk, the issue of metabolic syndrome in women with SMI and the impact of related factors will also be discussed.
Keywords: severe mental illness; metabolic syndrome; cardiovascular risk; gender differences.
Presente in LRIOG Nr.1 – 2022
e-ISSN: 1824-0283
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Pap test anormale e colposcopia negativa: come evitare sovra/sottodiagnosi e sovra/sotto trattamenti?
Anoressia nervosa: amenorrea ipotalamica e metabolismo dell’osso
Francesco Sopracordevole1 – , Mariasole Fichera1 –
1 – SOC di Ginecologia Oncologica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano – IRCCS – Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Aviano
Autore di riferimento: Francesco Sopracordevole
fsopracordevole@cro.it
DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202155
Abstract
Satisfactory and negative colposcopy with abnormal pap smear poses problems of diagnostic accuracy and subsequent diagnostic-therapeutic management, to avoid both diagnostic delays and overtreatments. The purpose of this work is to provide information on the diagnostic-therapeutic management for these cases in the context of the cost-benefit balaratio for the patient.
The most significant papers in the international literature on the subject of negative colposcopy and the use of random cervical biopsies in these cases were reviewed. The current SICPCV 2019 recommendations were considered. The risk factors for invasive neoplasia were considered: the cyto- logy for referral to colposcopy, the persistence of the cytological lesion, the characteristics of the woman (fertile age, menopausal status).
In women with negative colposcopy and ASC-US / LSIL pap smear, follow-up with excision in case of persistent cytological alteration at 24 months is indicated. In case of AGC, the endocervix and, if necessary, the endometrium should be evaluated. Immediate diagnostic excision is indicated for AGC-H positive lesion. This may be the first choice in postmenopau- sal women with ASC-H / HSIL, in other cases excision is indicated in case of persistence of the cytological abnormality. Currently, there is no evidence accepted by the Guidelines / Recommendations of Italian scientific societies to support the execution of random biopsies in case of abnormal pap smear and negative colposcopy.
The diagnostic-therapeutic management in case of an abnormal pap smear and negative colposcopy is well defined and reduces the risks of over/underdiagnosis and over/under-treatment for the woman, as well as providing reassurance for the action of the gynecologist. The whole process, and above all the diagnosis of negative colposcopy, must be reliable. The guidelines/recommendations of scientific societies remain the point of reference for safe therapeutic-diagnostic management.
Keywords: negative colposcopy; pap smear; random cervical biopsy; uterine cervix; prevention.
Presente in LRIOG Nr.1 – 2022
e-ISSN: 1824-0283
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Anoressia nervosa: amenorrea ipotalamica e metabolismo dell’osso
Anoressia nervosa: amenorrea ipotalamica e metabolismo dell’osso
Daniela Laudisio1,2 – , Chiara Graziadio1,2 – , Renata Simona Auriemma1 – , Emanuela Filice1 – , Silvia Savastano1,2 – , Annamaria Colao1,2,3 –
1 – Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Napoli, Italia
2 – Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Napoli, Italia
3 – Cattedra Unesco “Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile”,Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Napoli, Italia
Autore di riferimento: Daniela Laudisio
daniela.laudisio@libero.it
DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202154
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder, predominantly affecting adolescent women, and is characterized by a low body weight following a state of self-induced starvation. This disorder is associated with hormonal adaptations that consume energy expenditure to a minimum in a context of low nutrient intake. These adaptations include: functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, resistance to growth hormone, low concentrations of insulin- like growth factor, low concentrations of leptin and hypercortisolemia. Although, these adaptations may be useful for the short-term survival, often, they contribute to morbidity associated with this disorder, and in particular bone loss, which affects 85% of women with anorexia nervosa. In fact, this category of patients, often demonstrates low bone mineral density and high fractures risk, with low body weight and low gonads being the strongest predictors of observed bone mineral deficiency and fractures risk. Weight restoration and the resumption of menstrual function have the strongest impact on increasing bone mineral density. Other treatment options include bisphosphonates and teriparatide, supported by small clinical trials.
Keywords: nervous anorexia; functional hypothalamic amenorrhea; osteoporosis; bone mineral density; risk of fractures.
Presente in LRIOG Nr.1 – 2022
e-ISSN: 1824-0283
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Ipovitaminosi D e sindrome metabolica
Ipovitaminosi D e sindrome metabolica
Martina Leoni1* – , Marco Infante 1,2,3,4,* – , Raffaele Infante 4 – , Massimiliano Caprio 5,6– , Andrea Fabbri1 –
1 – UOC transmurale di Endocrinologia & Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Ospedali CTO A. Alesini & S.Eugenio, ASL Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata (Roma, Italia)
2 – UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences (Roma, Italia)
3 – Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) (Roma, Italia)
4 – Cardio Endocrino Metabolica (CEM) – Endocrine and Cardiometabolic Center (Salerno, Italia)
5 – Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Promozione della Qualità della Vita, Università San Raffaele Roma (Roma, Italia)
6 – Laboratorio di Endocrinologia Cardiovascolare, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma (Roma, Italia)
*Martina Leoni e Marco Infante hanno contribuito in egual misura alla stesura del presente articolo.
Autore di riferimento: Marco Infante
marco.infante@unicamillus.org
DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202162
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by the co-occurrence of several known cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertension. As such, metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of note, metabolic syndrome is defined by the presence of at least three of the following conditions: abdominal obesity (or central obesity), high blood pressure (≥130/≥85 mmHg), abnormal fasting plasma glucose (≥100 mg/dL), elevated serum triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level (
Keywords: metabolic syndrome; obesity; vitamin D deficiency; insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes mellitus; cardiometabolic risk.
Presente in LRIOG Nr.1 – 2022
e-ISSN: 1824-0283
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Occhio clinico – Dolore al rapporto sessuale: l’anamnesi è essenziale per ottimizzare la diagnosi
Occhio clinico – Dolore al rapporto sessuale: l’anamnesi è essenziale per ottimizzare la diagnosi
Alessandra Graziottin 1,2 – , Elena Boero 1 –
1 – Fondazione Alessandra Graziottin per la cura e la cura del dolore nelle donne ONLUS
2 – Centro di Ginecologia e Sessuologia Medica, Ospedale San Raffaele Resnati, Milano, Italia
Autore di riferimento: Alessandra Graziottin
direzione@studiograziottin.it
DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202161
Abstract
Sexual pain at intercourse, or dyspareunia, is a common symptom affecting up to 1 in 5 women. Despite its high prevalence, sexual pain is still underdiagnosed. When recognized it is poorly characterized in its etiology and consequently undertreated by clinicians, especially when they are not trained in sexual medicine. Sexual pain always has precise biological causes and is often comorbid with other gynecological, pelvic, muscular, urinary, and/ or intestinal pathologies. Correct diagnosis and treatment of sexual pain require collecting a detailed clinical history aimed at identifying the most relevant predisposing, precipitating, and maintenance factors. The goal of the work is to provide the clinician with a questionnaire to make the anamnesis of sexual pain “physician-friendly”, and facilitate the in-depth diagnosis of sexual pain. The clinical reasoning is carefully discussed as well, to guide the reading of the symptoms and signs of the pathologies potentially responsible for sexual pain to identify a tailored multimodal therapy.
Keywords: sexual pain; superficial dyspareunia; deep dyspareunia; clinical history; vulvar pain; endometriosis.
Presente in LRIOG Nr.1 – 2022
e-ISSN: 1824-0283
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