Anorexia nervosa: hypothalamic amenorrhea and bone metabolism

01/03/202203/08/2022 Editor Annamaria Colao, Chiara Graziadio, Daniela Laudisio, Emanuela Filice, Renata Simona Auriemma, Silvia Savastano ArticlesLRIOG 2022-1 bone mineral density, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, nervous anorexia, osteoporosis, risk of fractures.

Anorexia nervosa: hypothalamic amenorrhea and bone metabolism

Daniela Laudisio^1,2– , Chiara Graziadio^1,2– , Renata Simona Auriemma¹– , Emanuela Filice¹– , Silvia Savastano^1,2– , Annamaria Colao^1,2,3–

1 – Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University “Federico II” of Naples, Naples, Italy.

2 – Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Endocrinology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy

3 – Unesco Chair “Health Education and Sustainable Development”, University “Federico II” of Naples, Naples, Italy

Corresponding Author: Daniela Laudisio

daniela.laudisio@libero.it

DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202154

Abstract

Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder, predominantly affecting adolescent women, and is characterized by a low body weight following a state of self-induced starvation. This disorder is associated with hormonal adaptations that consume energy expenditure to a minimum in a context of low nutrient intake. These adaptations include: functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, resistance to growth hormone, low concentrations of insulin- like growth factor, low concentrations of leptin and hypercortisolemia. Although, these adaptations may be useful for the short-term survival, often, they contribute to morbidity associated with this disorder, and in particular bone loss, which affects 85% of women with anorexia nervosa. In fact, this category of patients, often demonstrates low bone mineral density and high fractures risk, with low body weight and low gonads being the strongest predictors of observed bone mineral deficiency and fractures risk. Weight restoration and the resumption of menstrual function have the strongest impact on increasing bone mineral density. Other treatment options include bisphosphonates and teriparatide, supported by small clinical trials.

Keywords: nervous anorexia; functional hypothalamic amenorrhea; osteoporosis; bone mineral density; risk of fractures.

Available in LRIOG Nr.1 – 2022

e-ISSN: 1824-0283

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Parathyroid disease, bone health and metabolic syndrome

01/12/202114/11/2022 Editor Alessia Liccardi, Annamaria Colao, Giuseppe Cannavale, Renata Simona Auriemma, Roberta Modica ArticlesLRIOG 2021-4 bone, calcium, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, metabolic syndrome, parathyroid hormone.

Parathyroid disease, bone health and metabolic syndrome

Roberta Modica¹– , Roberto Minotta¹– , Giuseppe Cannavale¹– , Alessia Liccardi¹– , Renata Simona Auriemma¹– , Annamaria Colao^1,2,4–

1 – Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi Federico II Napoli

2 – Cattedra Unesco Educazione alla salute e allo Sviluppo Sostenibile, Università degli Studi Federico II Napoli

Corresponding Author: Roberta Modica

robertamodica@libero.it

DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202153

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid diseases are related to parathyroid hormone (PTH) dysregulation by parathyroid cells or alteration of PTH function. They include hypoparathyroidism (PTH deficiency), pseudohypoparathyroidism (PTH resistance) and hyperparathyroidism (PTH excess). They are known to al- ter calcium metabolism and consequently bone health. Little is known about correlation between parathyroid diseases and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Aim of this paper is to analyse the literature to identify the role of parathyroid diseases in bone health and metabolic syndrome.
RESULTS: Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism reduce bone remodelling, destroying mineral density with increase of fracture risk. Con- versely, hyperparathyroidism induces increase of bone reabsorption with increased fracture risk. Metabolic syndrome may negatively influence pa- rathyroid diseases and worsen bone health.
CONCLUSIONS: Available data confirm the role of parathyroid diseases in worsening bone health and highlight an important relationship between pa- rathyroid diseases, especially hyperparathyroidism, and metabolic syndrome, which is increasingly widespread.

Keywords: parathyroid hormone; hyperparathyroidism; hypoparathyroidism; bone; calcium; metabolic syndrome.

Available in LRIOG Nr.4 – 2021

e-ISSN: 1824-0283

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Thyroid diseases and female infertility

01/12/202120/04/2022 Editor Alessandra Graziottin, Annamaria Colao, Chiara Graziadio, Emanuele Filice, Renata Simona Auriemma, Rosa Pirchio ArticlesLRIOG 2021-4 Basedow-Graves’disease, female infertility, hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid autoimmunity.

Thyroid diseases and female infertility

Chiara Graziadio^1,2– , Emanuele Filice¹– , Rosa Pirchio¹– , Renata Simona Auriemma¹– , Alessandra Graziottin³– ,

Annamaria Colao^1,2,4–

1 – Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples

2 – Italian Center for the care and well-being of the obese patient (C.I.B.O.), Federico II University, Naples

3 – H. San Raffaele Resnati Center of Gynecology, Milan

4 – Unesco Chair “Health Education and Sustainable Development”, Federico II University, Naples

Corresponding Author: Chiara Graziadio

chiaragraziadio@live.it

DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202152

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Thyroid diseases (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity) have been independently associated with fertility di- sorders and pregnancy failure, both in case of spontaneous conception and/ or after assisted reproduction technology (ART). Several studies have looked at the association between thyroid dysfunctions, thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and reproduction. The aim of this paper is to identify the impact of thyroid diseases, starting from birth, on female infertility, by means of review of the recent pertinent literature.
METHODS: We reviewed the pertinent literature regarding the association between thyroid diseases and female infertility off the main international database (MEDLINE, PubMed).
RESULTS: Thyroid dysfunctions, associated or not with thyroid autoimmunity, can alter ovulation and the associated immunoendocrine processes with con- sequent menstrual irregularities. These complexes endocrine disruptions can result in mild to severe fertility disorders and increased spontaneous abor- tions. Thyroid autoimmunity is associated with an increased risk of miscar- riage and preterm delivery, both in spontaneous pregnancies as well as in pregnancies after ART.
CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid dysfunctions may lead to menstrual disorders and infertility via direct and indirect interactions with the hypothalamo-pituitary- ovarian axis and the reproductive organs.
In the management of the infertile woman, the complete screening of thyroid hormones and autoimmunity is recommended in order to promptly treat any hormonal dysfunctions that may be a cofactor or the cause of infertility. Fur- ther studies are needed to improve diagnostic and therapeutic fertility issues associated with or due to thyroid disorders.

Keywords: hashimoto’s thyroiditis; Basedow-Graves’disease; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; female infertility; thyroid autoimmunity.

Available in LRIOG Nr.4 – 2021

e-ISSN: 1824-0283

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Metabolic syndrome in menopause

01/12/202120/04/2022 Editor Alessandra Graziottin, Annamaria Colao, Renata Simona Auriemma, Roberta Scairati ArticlesLRIOG 2021-4 hormone replacement therapy, inflammation, menopause, metabolic syndrome, surgical menopause.

Metabolic syndrome in menopause

Roberta Scairati¹– , Renata Simona Auriemma¹– , Annamaria Colao^1,2– , Alessandra Graziottin^3,4 –

1 – Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy

2 – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy

3 – Director of the Center for Gynecology and Medical Sexology, H. San Raffaele Resnati, Milan

4 – President of the Graziottin Foundation for the treatment of pain in women – Non profit organization

Corresponding Author: Roberta Scairati

robertascairati@gmail.com

DOI: 10.53146/lriog1202149

Abstract

Background: Menopause is associated with a high risk for cardiometabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (DMT2).
Insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension are in- terdependent factors associated with menopause. The increase in the syste- mic inflammation is the common denominator of MetS. The purposes of this review are i) to clarify how the natural cessation of ovarian function, which is characterized by the decline of female sexual hormones and the relative in- crease of androgens, could explain the relationship between MetS, increase of the inflammatory indexes and menopause; ii) to understand how surgical menopause could influence the onset of MetS; iii) to highlight the role of hormone replacement therapy.
Methods: We revised the published literature in english language on PubMed database, from year 1992 to year 2021, by searching the following keywords, including 1) a refined definition of metabolic syndrome 2) relationship betwe- en metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation 3) relationship between metabolic syndrome and obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, osteoporo- sis and hypothyroidism, 4) surgical menopause and metabolic syndrome, 5) effects of HRT on the components of the MetS in post-menopausal women. Results: Derived evidences suggest an increased incidence of metabolic syn- drome in menopause, probably due to woman aging and hormonal chan- ges in menopause, worsened by hypothyroidism, inappropriate lifestyles and lack of timely initiated HRT.
Conclusions: Menopause plays a crucial role in the development of MetS and surgical menopause; sudden cessation of ovarian function can lead to a hi- gher incidence of MetS and systemic inflammation than physiological me- nopause. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and a healthy lifestyle may positively influence some aspects of Mets. Our observations can help in the clinical management of menopause-related MetS.

Keywords: menopause; surgical menopause; metabolic syndrome; inflammation; hormone replacement therapy.

Available in LRIOG Nr.4 – 2021

e-ISSN: 1824-0283

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